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"Amazing" inscription found on 1,600-year-old gold treasure unearthed in Denmark
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Date:2025-04-12 10:30:15
Scandinavian scientists said Wednesday that they have identified the oldest-known inscription referencing the Norse god Odin on part of a gold disc unearthed in western Denmark in 2020. Researchers hailed the find on the 1,600-year-old treasure as an "absolutely amazing discovery."
Lisbeth Imer, a runologist with the National Museum in Copenhagen, said the inscription represented the first solid evidence of Odin being worshipped as early as the 5th century - at least 150 years earlier than the previous oldest known reference, which was on a brooch found in southern Germany and dated to the second half of the 6th century.
The disc discovered in Denmark was part of a trove containing about 2.2 pounds of gold, including large medallions the size of saucers and Roman coins made into jewelry. It was unearthed in the village of Vindelev, central Jutland, and dubbed the Vindelev Hoard.
Experts think the cache was buried 1,500 years ago, either to hide it from enemies or as a tribute to appease the gods. A golden bracteate — a kind of thin, ornamental pendant — carried an inscription that read, "He is Odin's man," likely referring to an unknown king or overlord.
"It's one of the best executed runic inscriptions that I have ever seen," Imer said. Runes are symbols that early tribes in northern Europe used to communicate in writing.
Odin was one of the main gods in Norse mythology and was frequently associated with war as well as poetry.
More than 1,000 bracteates have been found in northern Europe, according to the National Museum in Copenhagen, where the trove discovered in 2020 is on display.
Krister Vasshus, an ancient language specialist, said that because runic inscriptions are rare, "every runic inscription (is) vital to how we understand the past."
"When an inscription of this length appears, that in itself is amazing," Vasshus said. "It gives us some quite interesting information about religion in the past, which also tells us something about society in the past."
Researchers said it took a long time to decipher the inscription because it was so old and worn out. The text is also written with no spaces between the words and in a language more than 1,500 years old, which has evolved significantly since, they said.
"Not only has the structure of the language evolved tremendously since the 400th century, but many words have also gone out of use," Vasshus said. "Typically we find short and very similar rune inscriptions, but this time the text is long and consists almost exclusively of new words."
During the Viking Age, considered to be from 793 to 1066, Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest and trading throughout Europe. They also reached North America.
The Norsemen worshipped many gods and each of them had various characteristics, weaknesses and attributes. Based on sagas and some rune stones, details have emerged that the gods possessed many human traits and could behave like humans.
"That kind of mythology can take us further and have us reinvestigate all the other 200 bracteate inscriptions that we know," Imer said.
BREAKING! Ny viden om Odin skriver verdenshistorie!BREAKING! Ny viden om Odin skriver verdenshistorie!Hold nu fast, folkens. Vores forskere har netop gjort en helt fantastisk opdagelse.De har fundet Odins navn på en 1.600 år gammel guldbrakteat fra Vindelev i Jylland, og det betyder, at vi nu har tegn på nordisk mytologi 150 år tidligere end hidtil - allerede i begyndelsen af 400-tallet. Det er verdens ældste eksempel på Odins navn - NOGENSINDE. Runerne er noget af det mest spektakulære siden guldhornene, og de kan blive en nøgle til at forstå andre forhistoriske runeindskrifter, som ingen indtil nu har kunnet læse.Det er vores egen runolog og skriftforsker Lisbeth Imer, der sammen med sprogforsker Krister Vasshus har gjort den utrolige opdagelse.Men det er ikke alt!På brakteaten er der også et portræt af en ukendt konge eller stormand, som måske havde (kalde)navnet ”Jaga” eller ”Jagaz”. Og det er netop her, at Odins navn indgår. Ved siden af ham står der nemlig, at han er “Odins mand”.”Runeindskriften har været den sværeste at tolke i mine 20 år som runolog på Nationalmuseet, men opdagelsen er også helt fantastisk,” siger Lisbeth Imer. Krister Vasshus, der har specialiseret sig i ældre sproghistorie i Skandinavien, er også begejstret: "Vi har fundet beviset sort på hvidt, og det er en kæmpe opdagelse. Jeg kan ikke få armene ned i ren ekstase. Denne type indskrift er yderst sjælden, vi finder måske en hvert 50. år, og denne gang har det vist sig at være verdenshistorie.”Indtil i dag har den ældst kendte indskrift med navnet Odin været fra et dragtspænde fra sidste halvdel af 500-tallet fra det sydlige Tyskland.I Danmark stammer den hidtil ældste indskrift på en amulet af et stykke menneskekranium fra begyndelsen af 700-tallet fra Ribe.Og netop brakteatens rekordhøje alder er en af grundene til, at det tog forskerne så lang tid at tyde runerne.For det første er brakteaten slidt og runerne på væsentlige steder er næsten væk.For det andet er teksten skrevet uden mellemrum mellem ordene og på et mere end 1.500 år gammelt sprog, der har udviklet sig væsentligt siden.”Ikke bare har sprogets struktur udviklet sig gevaldigt siden 400-tallet, men mange ord er også gået ud af brug,” siger Krister Vasshus. “Typisk finder vi korte og meget enslydende runeindskrifter, men denne gang er teksten lang og består næsten udelukkende af nye ord.”Der er fundet mere end 1.000 brakteater i hele Nordeuropa, og mere end 200 med indskrifter. Men langt de fleste runeindskrifter på brakteater giver ikke sproglig mening.Runerne er typisk 2-3 mm høje, og der er ikke meget plads til at skrive på.Indskrifterne består for det meste af korte, hellige ord, eller også er de forvanskede eller forvrængede kopier af en indskrift, som engang har givet mening, men som er gået tabt.Men lad os lige vende tilbage til den egentlige hovedperson - nemlig "Odins mand".Ud over runeindskrifter har vi ingen skriftlige kilder fra Danmark i 400-tallet, så vi ved ikke meget om, hvem han er. Men alt peger på, at han har været utrolig betydningsfuld på sin tid.Selve guldmængden i Vindelevfundet er enorm, og guldbrakteaterne er både langt større og tykkere end tilsvarende brakteater.Guldet er importeret sydfra, og brakteaterne er også lavet efter romersk forbillede, hvilket tyder på et stærkt netværk ned gennem Europa.Men før vi dykker endnu mere ned i den ukendte stormand, skal vi fejre den fantastiske opdagelse.Følger du med her på siden, vil vi i løbet af de kommende dage dele flere historier om brakteaterne og Vindelevskatten.⭐ På tirsdag d. 14. marts kan du selv høre Lisbeth og Krister fortælle om det spektakulære fund inde på museet - eller via live-streaming til Kongernes Jelling. Se mere og reservér plads her: https://natmus.dk/aktivitet/mysteriet-om-odin/⭐ I DR2-dokumentarserien "Gåden om Odin" kan du se øjeblikket, hvor forskerne finder indskriften med Odin. Du finder den fra i dag på DRTV.⭐ Du kan også se brakteaten med verdens ældste Odin-indskrift i vores nye udstilling ”Jagten på Danmarkshistorien”. Se mere her: https://natmus.dk/museer-og-slotte/nationalmuseet/udstillinger/jagten-paa-danmarkshistorien/⭐ Vil du have besked, når det sker nyt på museet, så skriv dig op til vores nyhedsbrev her: https://bit.ly/3OpH6Pu
Posted by Nationalmuseet on Tuesday, March 7, 2023
The news of the inscription comes five years after a medieval treasure trove that belonged to the legendary King Harald Bluetooth — the Danish ruler who inspired the name for Bluetooth technology — was unearthed on a German island by a 13-year-old and an amateur archaeologist. The Viking king's artifacts included necklaces, pearls, a Thor's hammer, rings and up to 600 chipped coins, including more than 100 that date to Bluetooth's era.
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